Qo S
Quality of Service levels for MQTT message delivery per §4.3.
QoS determines the delivery guarantee between the client and broker:
AT_MOST_ONCE (0): Best-effort, no acknowledgement. Messages may be lost.
AT_LEAST_ONCE (1): Guaranteed delivery via PUBACK. Messages may be duplicated.
EXACTLY_ONCE (2): Guaranteed single delivery via the 4-step PUBLISH → PUBREC → PUBREL → PUBCOMP handshake.
Higher QoS levels have higher overhead. Choose the level appropriate for your use case: telemetry data tolerates AT_MOST_ONCE, while financial transactions require EXACTLY_ONCE.